Cable connector for safety belts



Oct. 25, 1960 c. w. ROSE CABLE CONNECTOR FOR SAFETY BELTS INVENTOR.Clarence W. Rose By WHITEHEAD, vosq. a LOWE 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Dec.18, 1956 PER ATTORNEYS Oct. 25, 1960 Filed Dec. 18, 1956 14 27 r I I r II an: zixfi 22a kx kw x C. W. ROSE CABLE CONNECTOR FOR SAFETY BELTS 2Sheets-Shem 2 Fig. 9

Fig. I2

IN V EN TOR.

Clarence W. Rose BY WHITEHEAD, VOGL 8| LOWE PER ATTORNEYS United StatesPatent CABLE CONNECTOR FOR SAFETY BELTS Clarence W. Rose, 2700 W.Barberry Place, Denver, Colo.

Filed Dec. 18, 1956, Ser. No. 629,044

Claims. (Cl. 24--134) This invention relates to connectors andattachment devices for ropes, and more particularly to that class ofconnectors for attaching a rope or cord to a suspended rope or cable,hereinafter referred to as a cable, a main object of the invention beingto provide a novel and improved cable-connector for attaching the end ofa rope to a suspended cable, usually vertical. As such, the invention isa development from and improvement over my copending application, filedJanuary 10, 1955, Serial No. 480,840, now Patent No. 2,914,139.

The primary purpose of the invention is to provide a novel and improvedcable connector for attaching the end of a safety rope or lifeline of aworkers safety belt to and at any selected point along the span of asuspended cable. Such cables may be a part of or may be suppliedincident to many types of structures including derricks, elevatorshafts, and bridges. Often a worker has to be positioned upon ahazardous perch at a location where an anchor hook or beam is notconveniently available for conventional attachment of a safety rope orlifeline, and it follows that a cable, suspended or hanging from a pointabove, may be actually the most satisfactory anchor for the attachmentof the lifeline of the workers safety belt. Such a cable may be apermanent part of the structure, or may be supplied for the particularpurpose of holding the lifeline.

As set forth in my prior application, that invention was conceived anddeveloped to provide an effective and efiicient connector to eliminatethe problems incident to the attachment of the lifeline of a safety beltto a suspended cable, and comprises, in essence, a clamp-like connectorwhich is attached to the end of a safety belt lifeline and is adapted toembrace and be locked upon a vertical cable to secure the line to thecable. The present invention is an improved cable connector whichincludes special means for positive and secure attachment of theconnector at any selected position on the cable to prevent inadvertentdisengagement or loosening and slippingdown of the connector from suchdesired position, all as hereinafter described in detail.

It follows that general objects of the invention are to provide a noveland improved cable connector for attaching a lifeline to a suspendedcable which is quickly and easily secured to or removed from the cable;is adapted to be clamped to the cable at any selected position and to beshifted along the cable to any other position whenever desired;resiliently grips the cable when force is applied to the lifeline andtightens such grip as the force is increased to prevent slipping; isadapted, however, to slide responsive to a predetermined load indecelerating the fall of a wearer and thereby ease the stopping shock tohim; is of such construction that a unit may be designed to permit anyselected degree of sliding; operates as an efiective shock absorber; andis a simple, economical, compact, rugged and reliable safety device.

Further specific objects of the improved invention are to provide anovel and improved cable connector for attaching a lifeline to avertically suspended cable which is adapted to be positively clamped andlocked to a cable at any selected point on the cable by a simple tug ofthe lifeline and permits the lifeline to be subsequently slacked withoutdanger of releasing the connector from the cable; incorporatessimplified automatic cable locking and unlocking means in the elementscomprising the connector; renders the connector a reliable safety deviceby preventing any accidental loosening and slipping of the connector onthe cable and insures a positive grabbing of the cable by the connectorwhenever it is necessary to check the fall of a wearer.

With the foregoing and other objects in view, all of which more fullyhereinafter appear, my invention comprises certain novel and improvedconstructions, combinations and arrangements of parts and elements ashereinafter described, and as defined in the appended claims, andillustrated in preferred embodiment in the accompanying drawing inwhich:

Figure l is a perspective view of a portion of a vertically suspendedcable with the improved cable connector mounted thereon and with theassociated portion of a twisted rope lifeline engaged to the connectorand locking it upon the cable, and with broken lines indicating themanner in which the connector deflects to clamp onto the cable When aload is placed on the lifeline and other broken lines indicatinglifeline locking elements in open position.

Figure 2 is an elevational face view of the connector as taken from theindicated arrow 2 at Fig. 1.

Figure 3 is an elevational section as taken from the indicated line 33at Fig. 1.

Figure 4 is a fragmentary sectional detail of the lifeline lockingelements as taken substantially from the indicated line 44 at Fig. 2 buton an enlarged scale.

Figure 5 is a fragmentary sectional detail as taken from the indicatedline 5-5 at Fig. 4.

Figure 6 is a fragmentary sectional detail similar to Fig. 4 butillustrating the elements in position for releasing the lifeline.

Figure 7 is a fragmentary sectional detail similar to Fig. 5 butillustrating the elements in position for releasing the lifeline.

Figure 8 is a fragmentary sectional detail as taken from the indicatedline 88 at Fig. 2 but on an enlarged scale.

Figure 9 is an elevational side View of the apparatus as being held andspread by an operator as when releasing the apparatus from the suspendedcable.

Figure 10 is a perspective view similar to Fig. 1 but illustrating amodified embodiment of the connector as being adapted for use with asmooth-type lifeline, such as a small steel cable.

Figure 11 is a fragmentary detail of a face portion of the connector astaken from the indicated arrow 11 at Fig. 10, but on an enlarged scale.

Figure 12 is a fragmentary sectional detail as taken from the indicatedline 1212 at Fig. 11.

Referring more particularly to the drawing, and to Figs. 1 through 8,the improved cable connector 10 is attached to the end of a lifeline 11of a safety belt and is adapted to be locked upon a suspended cable 12to anchor the lifeline to the cable. The lifeline 11 is a selected ropesuch as nylon or manila formed by conventionally laying three twistedstrands together. The cable 12 may be of any conventional type such asmanila, "*or wire rope, and may be limp, taut, or even a rigidl-fs olidbar or pipe. While the cable 12 is illustrated as being circular insection, it is to be understood that it may be" of any section which issubstantially circular, such, fo'rf example, as the section formed by a7-strand rope, Moreover it is to be understood that the connector may beadapted for use with non-circular elements such as a' rail orrectangular bar;

The connector is formed by two rectangular plates of stiff resilientmaterial such as spring steel, including -a carrier plate 13 andasqueeze plate 14 which. are hing'edl'y connected at their top edges 15as hereinafter described; From the innerconnected edges 15; these platesarepreformed to diverge" outwardly so that their. respective base edges16 and. 17 are normally; spread a art.

iEach'plate 13 and 14 isformed'with' a'centralislot'at the'top'edge15which fairs into a vertically aligned tapering trough 18 at the bottomof the slot. Each tro'u'gh'18'is' in spaced oppositioriwith the trough18 of its mating plate and the troughs a'nd'slotsthereby'form a verticalcentered passageway betweenthe plates through which the cable 12extends. It' follows that a .hing ing action of the plates bymovingltheir lower edges 16 and 17 together will squeeze upon the cable12? embraced between the plates to effect an engagement and gripping ofthe connector to the cable; I

To accomplish this pulling together: of'the lower edges of the platesandthe gripping of the cable, the lifeline 1?. is slippably'threadedthrough orifices in the lower portions of the plates and between theplates whereby apull'of the line brings the plates together.Theorifices' in the carrier plate13 include an anchor 'orifice119substantially above the base edge 16 and a 'thie'a'ding orifiee .20immediatelyabove'the base edge. The orifices inithe'sqiieezeplatel-finclude a turning orifice 21 at a position'pref may slightlylower than orifice 19' when the plates are interlocked in spacedopposition and a second turning orifice 22" immediately above the loweredge 17. and'substantially opposite the orifice 20;

The lifeline 11 is'threaded through these orifices withits end beingtied into a crownkn'ot'23; orsimila'rknot or enlargement and abuttingagainst the anchor-orifice? 19"and with a soft Washer 24 at the orificeto prevent the metal edges of the orifice from abusing the cords formingthe knot; Thence, the lifeline 11' extends through this orifice 19 as aconnective reach 11a across'the gap between the plates, throughand'about turnin'g'orffices 21and'22, and again as a connective reach11!; across the gap between the plates and through threading orifice20'to hang from the base edge 16 of plate 13; Theoppo'site endo'f' thelifeline, not shown, willbe atta'ched'to a safety belt'or carry aconnector. The path for the lifeline 11 about and through theorifices'is suitably smoothedfor easy movement of the line through theorifices; as, for example, by bulging or rounding the portion of theplate 14'between the orificesas at22a'and'by'a similar bulge of roundingof the lower part of the plate'1'3 asat'20Zz;

It follows that with a pull of the safety rope 11, the rope will slipthrough the orifices to shorten thefreaches 11a and'11b to thereby drawthe base edges of the plates together and squeeze the cable 12betweenthe troughs 18 of the two plates.

Where a load such. asthe'weight of a man is'plac'ed upon'the lifelineit'is contemplated that the plates will actually give and deflect asfrom the full-line positioh'illus trated at Fig. 1 and that both plateswilldefiect to and' even beyond the deflected. position of the squeezeplate 14 indicated in broken lines: In the ultimate, the base" edges ofthe plates Will be' pulled together with the portion of the cable 12below the trough 18' being pushed'tofon'e side" of the connector by therounded base edges of the plates; It is' anticipated that such willoccur whenth'e body of a-worker is hangingfrom the s'afetyline'andbeneath the connector. I

The tightness of the squeeze of the plates 13 ahd'14 upon the cable 12will depend upon, the shape'an'd size of. the plates, and'the connectormay be designed to lock upon the cablein checking afall of the wearer ofthe safety belt'whose lifeline is secured to the connecto-ryor.

preferably, it may be designed to permit a. certain prede-;

termined amount of sliding so that the fall of a wearer isdecelerated'to a gradual easy stop. The necessary proportions of theplates for such purposes may be ascertained experimentally by oneskilled in the art.

In preferred construction, the hinged interconnection at the top edge isadapted for separation of the plates, and as illustrated, the hinge isformed of rollably inter meshing fingers turned to cylindrical form fromthe upper edges-of the respective plates, the fingers -25 on'the carrierplate 13 rollably embracing fingers 2fi-on the-. squeeze plate 14 whichlie on a commoriaxis when intermeshed. The cylindrical shaped finger-s25and 26 are not completely turned'to" fold againsttheir'respective platesbut provide gaps which permit interconnection and disengaging of theplates 13 and 14 when they are spread approximately 180 degrees apart,as in the manner illustrated at "Fig. 9, thus easily permittingengagement with and disengagement from the cable. 7 7

When these plates are interconnected and mounted upon the cable 12, theynecessarily diverge from' the hinged top edge 15 to separate the baseedges 16 and 17 until'the' connector is clamped onto the cable bypulling the'base edges together as with the lifeline 11. This normaldivergence is suitably supplemented bya bend 27 in the squeeze plate. I

When a worker uses thisconnector as by attaching it to a cable alongsidehis platform or'scaft'old it'is ordinarily placed on the cable at 'a'height s'ufiicient to givethe worker freedom of movement yet minimizethe distance hewould fall before the lifeline would-become taut tocheck'his fall. It becomes essential'that the connector remain on thecable at such selectedpositionand not slip or work its way down thecable to a point wherethe lifeline would interfere with the movementsofthe worker, possibly trip him and a'lsocause him to fall anvunnecessary' great distance beforethefall is checked. It is alsoessential that the connector beproperly"engagedfon the cable so thata'pullon the'lifeline Willi inimediatelyslip the reaches lla and 11btoclamp the'conn'ec'torto'the cable 12 and-not permit the connector'toslip down the cable an indefinite distance before it grabs hold' of thecable.

Ordinarily, the weight of a lifeline hanging from the orifice 20 issufficient to provide tension on the reaches 11a and 11b to hold theconnector in position on a vertically suspended cable; however,continual movementsof the lifeline'on the cable by a Worker might efiecta slacking of the lifeline andthe consequent spreading and slippingof'the connector down the cable. The present invention, therefore,includes a lock 28' at the threading orifice 20 to permit the reaches11a and 11b of the-lifeline to be held under-moderate constant tensioninaman nerwhich secures the connector onto the cable and prevents anyundesirable or accidental slackening of the lifeline on the connector orother unexpected incident from causing the connector toiopen and to slipdown the cable.

The lock 28 isadapted to permit the lifeline 11' to be freely payed outthrough the threading orifice 20 to shorten the reaches ll'aand' 11b andpull together the base'edges 13 and 14 of the plates but to preventreversal ;)f grovement of the lifeline without positive release'of theThe lock 28 is formed by a rod 29 which is carried at the innerside ofthe carrier plate 13. Its upper end 30 is 'afiixed to the upper portionof the carrier plate. The end 30-is formed as a threaded stub turnedsubstantially at a right angle. This stub extends through an orifice 31vin the carrier plate and is secured tightly onto the plate by a washer32 and nut 33 or by riveting or other means of fastening. The rodextends downwardly from this connection to the base of the carrier plateand there turns into and through a'slot 34 near the base edge 16alongside the threading orifice 20. V

This turned portion thereby extends through the slot 34 tothe, outerside of the plate 13 to form the lock 28 proper. The end of the rod atthis turned portion turns upon itself in an approximate 180 degree bendto form a finger 35 which extends sidewardly and into the orifice 20 tolie upon the lifeline 11 passing through the orifice.

While the rod 29 lies against the inner side of the carrier plate at itspoint of connection, at the orifice 31, it extends off and from thissurface so that the lower portion of the rod lies spaced a shortdistance from the carrier plate inner side. This rod is so bent and isnaturally tensioned to pull away from the surface of the plate in amanner which tends to forcibly pull the finger 35 into the orifice tobear against the lifeline therein with a moderate pressure.

The lifeline 11 is a conventional twisted rope with the strands 36 laidtogether in a helical pattern having helical valleys between thestrands. The finger 35 is shaped to conform with this helical patternand to lie in a valley between strands 36 when it moves into the orifice20. It is tilted slightly so that it is adapted to push the lifelineagainst and upon the bulge 20a and thereby effectively lock the lifelineagainst inward movement through the on'fice 20, for such movement wouldtend to pull the hook further into the orifice, and press the lifelinetightly against the bottom of the orifice, upon bulge 20a as clearlyillustrated at Fig. 5.

The tension of the rod 29, which normally pulls the hook into theorifice to bear upon the lifeline 11, as illustrated at Figs. 4 and 5,effectively locks the lifeline against movement into the orifice 20a toprevent a spreading apart of the plates 13 and 14 as by an increase ofthe span of the portions 11a and 11b of the lifeline 11 andconsequently, prevents a loosening of the connector on the cable 12.However, this locking may be released by an opposite pull of thelifeline out of the orifice 20 to shorten the spans 11a and 11b and tothereby tighten the connector onto the cable 12, as in the case ofarresting a fall of a workman.

This locking may also be released manually as when the finger 35 ispushed out of the orifice and lifted from the lifeline as by thumbpressure pushing the rod 29 against the inward side of the carrier plate13, as in the manner clearly illustrated in broken lines at Fig. 1. Thisoperation of releasing the lock as by thumb pressure against rod 29 issubstantially automatic and without any special manual reflexes becausethis pressure on the rod 29 normally results whenever a worker graspsthe plates to pull them apart and release the connector from the cable12. He will almost naturally grasp the rod 29 by his thumb or otherdigit and whenever he attempts to pull the plates apart the naturalpressure against the rod 29 functions to release the lock 28.

The alternate construction illustrated at Figs. 10, 11, and 12contemplates the use of a smooth surface, cylindrical lifeline 11' whichmay be a circular woven cord or a single strand of twisted wires or thelike, such lifeline 11' having no characteristic valleys between twistedstrands as does the rope hereinbefore described. With a smooth surfaced,cylindrical lifeline 11', the hook 35 would be ineffectual to lock thelifeline in the orifice 29 of the construction hereinbefore described.The lifeline 11 in that situation would simply slip in the largerorifice 2!) whenever an attempt was made to hold it.

To adapt a modified connector for this smooth type lifeline 11', thecarrier plate and squeeze plate may be substantially the same as thathereinbefore described. They will be hinged at their upper edges withtrough 18 forming a cable receiving passageway and with the lifelinereceiving orifices near their lower edge. The lifeline 11' is formedwith an enlarged head 23' to hold it at the anchor orifice 19. Thence,the lifeline extends from the carrier plate to the squeeze plate 13 andthrough the turning orifices 21 and 22 of that plate and then extendsthrough the threading orifice the same as hereinbefore described.

However, the threading orifice 20 is made narrower and is slotted inform to restrict the lateral movement of the lifeline 11 and to providespace above the line to receive a pressure finger 35' for locking thelifeline in position in the orifice. This finger 35' is formed as a bentend of the rod 29 and it extends directly through the orifice 20' andeliminates the slot 34 hereinbefore described. The rod 29' is stillformed to resiliently pull the finger through the orifice 20 and thefinger 35' is accordingly flattened and flared at its end with theflared end 40 being slightly wider than the orifice 20' to prevent thefinger 35' from accidentally slipping through the orifice 20'.

The bottom of the finger is flattened as at 41 to solidly bear againstthe lifeline 11 while the angle of the bend of the rod 29, to form thefinger, is less than degrees to permit the flat underside 41' to lieagainst the lifeline in the orifice on a slope with respect to the axisof the orifice 20' to effectively push the lifeline against the bulge20a at the bottom of the orifice and thereby assure locking of the linetherein.

As in the aforedescribed construction, the locking action is effectivein one direction only and is effective to hold the lower edges of theplates together by not permitting an increase in the lifeline spans 11aand 11b and separation of the lower edges of the plates once theconnector is properly mounted upon a cable. The connector plates may bespread apart by grasping the rod 29' at the same time the plates aregrasped to automatically release the finger 35' in the same manner ashereinbefore described.

While I have described my connector in considerable detail, it isobvious that others skilled in the art may design and build otheralternate and equivalent constructions which are within the spirit andscope of the invention; hence, it is my desire that my protection belimited, not by the constructions illustrated and described, but only bythe proper scope of the appended claims.

I claim:

1. In a braking clamp for attachment to a vertically suspended cable orthe like, including two flat spring plates hingedly connected togetherat one end and with the other end of each plate being normally separatedfrom the other end of the other plate, clamping means between the platesnear the hinged end thereof for holding and clamping upon the cable, theseparated end of one plate having an orifice, connecting means in theseparated end of the other plate, a pull line slippably threaded throughthe orifice and connected to the connecting means to span the separatedends of the plates and pull them together for gripping the cableresponsive to an outward pull of the line through the threading orificeand resilient directional locking means mounted upon said orifice plateincluding a resilient rod at the inner face of the orifice plate whichextends through the orifice as an inclined finger adapted to bearagainst the line and jam it against the edge portion of the orificesubstantially at the outer face of the plate, said rod being tensionedto hold the finger against the line with resilient pressure and spacedfrom the inner face of the plate to permit movement of the finger out ofthe orifice by pressing the rod against the plates as when the platesand rod are manually gripped in a manner as for pulling them apart.

2. In a braking clamp for attachment to a vertically suspended cable orthe like, including two flat spring plates hingedly connected togetherat one end and with the other end of each plate being normally separatedfrom the other end of the other plate, clamping means between the platesnear the hinged end thereof for holding and clamping upon the cable, theseparated end of one plate having an orifice, connecting means in theseparated end of the other plate, a pull line slippably threaded throughthe orifice and connected to the connecting means to span the separatedends of the plates and pull them together for gripping the cableresponsive to an outward pull of the line through the threading orificeand resilient directional locking means mounted upon'saidorifice plateincluding a'resilient rod at the innerrface' ofthe orifice: plate whichextends through the plate'rtotheouter'face thereof andrturns intotheorifice as an :inclinedfinger portion adaptedtobear against-the lifelineand jam itagainst an edge portion of the orifice substantially at theouter face of the plate;.said rod being tensionedEto hold'the-fingeragainstthelifeline with resilient pressure and. spaced from the plate topermit movement ofthe finger'out of; the orifice bypressing the rod:against the plate;

3. In the'organizationtdefined'in claim 2, said line being a rope oftwisted strands and said finger being' inclined'and'curved to-extendinto the orifice and-to norinally lieagainst-'the-line in avalley'between-the strand twists:

4'. In the-organization defined in claim 2, wherein the outeredgeportion ofthe orifice'against which the line is pressed is rounded topermit'smoothmovement' of the linethrough the orifice when the platesare being clamped together. 7

5. A braking clamp adapted to hold the end of a safety belt lifeline onaverticallysuspended'cable and including in combination, two platesconnected together at oneend by a hinge with the ends opposite the hingeend ofthe plates being normally separated,- a passage through the hingethroughwhich the cable passes with a gripping surface on each plateadjacent the hinge to grip the'cable when:the separated ends are pulledtogether, one plate including a threading orifice at its separatedendandvthe other-plate including aconnecting means at-its separated endwhereby an end of a lifeline is slidably threaded into said'orifice andconnected to said connecting means to span theseparated ends of theplates and pull them together responsive to a pull of the lifeline outof Y the threading orifice, an inclined locking-finger extending intothe orifice adapted to bear against the lifeline and lockably jamb itagainst an edge portion of the orifice wall substantially at the outerside of the plate from whence the lifeline extends and inwardly directedresilient means adapted to hold the locking-finger against'the lifelinebut to permit the lifeline to pull the finger outwardly from the orificeagainst the resilient means when the lifeline is being pulled outwardlyto pull the ends of the plates together. 7

6. In the organization defined in claim 5, said inwardly directedresilient means including a resilient rod at the inner face of the platehaving an orificeiwhich extends through the plate to the outerfacethereofand turns into the orifice as an inclined finger adapted to bearagainst thelifeline and jamb it against the edge portion of the orificesubstantially at'the outer face of the plate, said rod-being tensionedto hold the finger against the lifeline with'resilient pressure andspaced from the plate to permit movement of the finger out of theorifice by pressing the rod against the plate.

7.'The braking-clamp defined in claim 5, wherein said lifeline is a ropeof twisted strands and said locking finger extending into the orificeand being adapted to bear against the lifeline is adapted to match thestrand twist'of the lifeline and thereby lie in a valley between thestrand twists when contacting the lifeline. 8. A safety clamp adapted tohold the end of safety belt lifeline on a vertically suspended cable,and including,.in combination therewith, two flat plates connected 8together atone end by a hinge, a passage through-the hingethrou'gh whichthe' cable passes with a gripping surface in each't-plate adjacent tothe. hinge adaptedtogrip the cable 'when -theplates are pulled togetherat'an acute angle with the ends .opposite the hingeendrbeing normallyseparated, the separated end'of= one plate having'a threading-orifice,connecting means in-the' separated end of the other-plate whereby saidlifeline is adapted tobeth'r'eadedin'to the orifice and extended to-saidconnecting silient rod -at'the inner face of the orifice platewhiclrextends through the plate to the outer facethereofand turnsinto-theorifice as a'curved inclined finger adapted to lie upon thelifeline in af'valley'between'strand twists and jamb it against theorifice wall, said rodbeing tensioned' to hold the finger against thelifeline-With resilient ressure and-beingispacedfrom 'the-plate'topermit move-. ment'of the'finger out 'ofthe'orifice by'pressingethe rodagainst the plate;

9. The braking clamp defined in'claim 5, wherein said lifeline isa'smooth surfaced rope, and-wherein said orifice isformed as a slothaving-a width substantially that of the lifeline diameter with thelifeline lying at one side of the slot and with saidlocking finger beingadapted to lockably jamb the lifeline against the edge'portion of theorifice at said side of the slot.

10. The braking clamp defined in claim'S wherein said lifeline is a'smooth surfaced rope, Wherein'said orifice is formedas a slot having-awidth-substantially that of the lifeline diameter with-the'lifelinelying at one side of the slot and with said locking finger being adaptedto lockably jamb the lifeline against theedge portion of the orifice-atsaid side of the slot, and wherein said inwardly directed resilientmeans includesa resilient rod at the inner face of the orificewith-said'finger being attached to an end of'the rod.

References Cited in thefile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 155,149Forsyth Sept. 22, 1874 809,726 Nelson Jan. 9, 1906 1,322,956 Ruff Nov.25, 1919 1,459,265 Saundry June 19, 1923 1,605,503 Boenning Nov. 2, 19262,165,695 Campbell July, 11, 1939 I FOREIGN PATENTS 153,963 AustraliaNov. 4, 1953.

OTHER REFERENCES Safe-Hi (Rope Grab) Shock Absorber (publication by RoseManufacturing Company of Denver, Colorado, illustrating. Model #550).Received'October 13, 1954.

